2. GGH Applications

Because it uses a regular cell lattice and regular field lattices, GGH simulations are often faster than equivalent Finite Element (FE) simulations operating at the same spatial granularity and level of modeling detail, permitting simulation of tens to hundreds of thousands of cells on lattices of up to \(1024^3\) pixels on a single processor. This speed, combined with the ability to add biological mechanisms via terms in the effective energy, permit GGH modeling of a wide variety of situations, including: tumor growth [5]-[9], gastrulation [10]-[12], skin pigmentation [13]-[16], neurospheres [17], angiogenesis [18]-[23], the immune system [24][25], yeast colony growth (26, 27), myxobacteria [28]-[31], stem-cell differentiation [32][33], Dictyostelium discoideum [34]-[37], simulated evolution [38]-[43], general developmental patterning [14][44], convergent extension [45][46], epidermal formation [47], hydra regeneration [48][49], plant growth, retinal patterning [50][51], wound healing [47][52][53], biofilms [54]-[57], and limb-bud development [58][59].